Journal: Biochemistry and Biophysics Reports

Article Title: Antimicrobial peptide LL-37 increases rhinovirus-induced interferon β expression in human airway epithelial cells through a Ca 2+ -dependent mechanism

doi: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2025.102105

Figure Lengend Snippet: Stimulation with LL-37 increases intracellular Ca 2+ concentration in BEAS-2B cells. (A, B) Cells were loaded with the fluorescent Ca 2+ indicator dye Fluo-4 AM and stimulated with or without LL-37 (4 μM) in Ca 2+ -containing (2.5 mM) HEPES solution. ( A ) Fluorescence was assessed continuously every 5 min for 40 min in a fluorescence microplate reader, and the time curve plotted and normalized to background fluorescence before LL-37 or vehicle was introduced. ( B ) Fluorescence determined at the endpoint (40 min) and compared to vehicle control. The fluorescence signal was normalized to fluorescence in control cells for each of the 4 independent experiments. DMSO (0.1 %) was included as vehicle control. Values are presented as means ± SEM. ∗ represents P < 0.05 vs. vehicle control determined with Student’s two-tailed unpaired t -test for single comparisons between two groups as appropriate.

Article Snippet: Cells were treated with LL-37 (4 μM) or vehicle in HEPES solution with a physiological concentration of Ca 2+ (2.5 mM), and cellular fluorescence determined in a CLARIOstar Plus multi-mode microplate reader (BMG Labtech).

Techniques: Concentration Assay, Fluorescence, Control, Two Tailed Test